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Émile Joachim Constant Puyo (November 12, 1857 – October 6, 1933) was a French photographer, active in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. As the leading advocate of the Pictorialist movement in France, he championed the practice of photography as an artistic medium.〔Souren Melikian, "(Photography's Early and Unsung Pioneers )," ''New York Times'', 22 January 2010. Retrieved: 23 November 2011.〕 For most of his career, Puyo was associated with the Photo Club of Paris, serving as its president from 1921 to 1926.〔(Emile Constant Puyo ), Archives Photographique – Portraits et Spectacles. Retrieved: 23 November 2011. 〕 His photographs appeared in numerous publications worldwide, and were exhibited at various expositions in the 1900s. ==Biography== Puyo was born to a prominent bourgeois family in Morlaix in 1857.〔Hélène Jagot, "(Constant Puyo (1857–1933): Entre Volonté d’Art et Intuition Photographique )," 2008. Retrieved: 23 November 2011. 〕 His father, Edmond Puyo (1828–1916), was a painter, amateur archaeologist, and politician, who served as Mayor of Morlaix in the 1870s. His uncle, Édouard Corbière, was a best-selling author, and his cousin, Tristan Corbière, was a well-known poet.〔 Puyo studied at the École Polytechnique before joining the French Army as an artillery officer, rising to the rank of commandant during his career,〔 and commanding a squadron at the School of Artillery at La Fère. He served with the French Army in Algeria during the 1880s.〔 Puyo began drawing at a young age.〔(Constant Puyo ). Centre Atlantique de la Photographie. Retrieved: 23 November 2011. 〕 Around 1882, he started using cameras to photograph his drawings.〔 Fascinated with cameras, he began using photography to document his various travels in North Africa.〔 By the following decade, he had become one of a growing number of photographers who believed photography was itself a form of high art, in the same manner as other art forms such as painting or sculpture.〔 These photographers formed what became known as the Pictorialist movement. In 1894, Puyo joined the Photo Club of Paris, which had been founded by Maurice Bacquet, and helped organize a Salon for the club.〔 He wrote several articles for the club's ''Bulletin'', establishing himself as the chief theoretician of the French Pictorialist movement.〔Emma de Lafforest, "(Constant Puyo (1857–1933): Entre une Volonté d’Art et une Intuition Photographique )." Retrieved: 23 November 2011. 〕 In 1896, he published his first book, ''Notes sur la Photographie Artistique'', which explained how photography could be used to create works of art. Following his retirement from the military in 1902, Puyo was able to devote himself more fully to photography.〔 In an effort to achieve greater artistic effects, Puyo and the Photo Club experimented with gum bichromate and oil pigment processes,〔 and developed special soft-focus lenses that achieved impressionistic effects.〔 Puyo wrote or co-wrote several books for the club during this period describing these processes in detail.〔 After World War I, the decline of Pictorialism in favor of straight, unmanipulated photographs was a source of continuing frustration for Puyo. As president of the Photo Club during the 1920s, he remained passionately dedicated to the Pictorial style. Puyo retired as Photo Club president in 1926, and returned to his home in Morlaix.〔 He died in 1933, and is interred with his family at the Cemetière Saint-Martin-du-Morlaix.〔〔(Entry for Tristan Corbière at Cimetières de France et d'Ailleurs ). Retrieved: 23 November 2011. 〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Constant Puyo」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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